NRP in Organ Transplantation: Systematic Review Data (2017–2025)
Extracted outcomes from 40 studies comparing normothermic regional perfusion (NRP) vs standard recovery in DCD organ transplantation, covering 93 study arms across 10 countries.
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| # | Paper | Unit | study_design | comparison_type | country | center_type | data_source | enrollment_period | sample_size_total | km_curve_present | sample_size | organ_type | nrp_type | nrp_duration_minutes | nrp_temperature_celsius | heparin_timing | preservation_adjunct | donor_count | donor_age_years | donor_male_percent | donor_cause_of_death | kidney_donor_profile_index | extended_criteria_donor_percent | donor_risk_index_name | donor_risk_index_value | +111 cols → |
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| 1 | Bababekov (2025) | NRP | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | USA | single | electronic medical record and UNOS DonorNet | 2017-01 to 2024-08 | 176 | Yes | 97 | Liver | TA-NRP | 104 [90–119] | NR | pre-mortem | static cold storage | 97 | 41 [30–56] | 71.13 | Anoxia 36.1%, Trauma 35.1%, Cerebrovascular 23.7%, Other 5.2% | NA | NA | DRI | 2.44 [2.02–2.82] | |
| 2 | Bababekov (2025) | SCS | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | USA | single | electronic medical record and UNOS DonorNet | 2017-01 to 2024-08 | 176 | Yes | 79 | Liver | NA | NA | NA | pre-mortem | static cold storage | 79 | 33 [24–40] | 70.89 | Anoxia 49%, Trauma 30%, Cerebrovascular 18%, Other 3% | NA | NA | US DRI | 2.17 [1.97–2.3] | |
| 3 | Bekki (2023) | DCD with TA-NRP | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | USA | multi | UNOS Standard Transplant Analysis and Research data | 2020-01 to 2021-06 | 19,503 | Yes | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 85.3 | Trauma 50.0%, Anoxia 41.2%, Cerebrovascular 5.6% | NR | NR | NR | NR | |
| 4 | Bekki (2023) | DCD without TA-NRP | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | USA | multi | UNOS Standard Transplant Analysis and Research data | 2020-01 to 2021-06 | 19,503 | Yes | 1,267 | Liver | NA | NA | NA | NR | NR | 1,267 | 65 ± 8 | 66.0 | Anoxia 52.9%, Cerebrovascular 20.3%, Trauma 21.3% | NR | NR | NR | NR | |
| 5 | Bekki (2023) | DBD | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | USA | multi | UNOS Standard Transplant Analysis and Research data | 2020-01 to 2021-06 | 19,503 | Yes | 14,269 | Multi-organ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NR | 14,269 | 41 [29–55] | 60.2 | Anoxia 45.6%, Cerebrovascular 27.1%, Trauma 25.1% | NR | NR | NR | NR | |
| 6 | Bluhme (2024) | cDCD with NRP | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DBD | Sweden | multi | Nordic Liver Transplant Registry and digital medical records | 2018 to 2022 | 46 | Yes | 18 | Liver | A-NRP | 121.3 ± 27.7 | NR | post-mortem | static cold storage | 18 | 53.5 (IQR 12.5) | 55.6 | NR | NA | NA | UK DCD Risk Score | 7 (IQR 4.75) | |
| 7 | Bluhme (2024) | DBD | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DBD | Sweden | multi | Nordic Liver Transplant Registry and digital medical records | 2018 to 2022 | 46 | Yes | 28 | Liver | NA | NA | NA | NA | NR | 28 | 48.5 (IQR 21.3) | 67.9 | NR | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| 8 | Brubaker (2024) | Normothermic Regional Perfusion | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | USA | multi | United Network for Organ Sharing DonorNet | 2017-01 to 2023-05 | 242 | Yes | 106 | Liver | TA-NRP and A-NRP | 62 [51–89] | NR | pre-mortem | static cold storage | 106 | 30.5 [22–44] | 78.9 | Anoxia 52.8%, Trauma 38.7%, Cerebrovascular 6.6%, Other 1.9% | NR | NA | NR | NR | |
| 9 | Brubaker (2024) | Standard Super Rapid Recovery | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | USA | multi | United Network for Organ Sharing DonorNet | 2017-01 to 2023-05 | 242 | Yes | 136 | Liver | NA | NA | NA | pre-mortem | static cold storage | 136 | 36 [27–49] | 69.9 | Anoxia 44.9%, Trauma 33.8%, Cerebrovascular 17.7%, Other 3.7% | NA | NA | NR | NR | |
| 10 | Carlis (2018) | DCD | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DBD | Italy | single | general transplant database | 2011 to 2017 | 89 | Yes | 20 | Liver | A-NRP | 352 [308–434] | NR | NR | hypothermic machine perfusion | 20 | 51 [46–61] | 85 | NR | NA | NA | DRI | 1.71 [1.48–1.94] | |
| 11 | Carlis (2018) | ECMO | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DBD | Italy | single | general transplant database | 2011 to 2017 | 89 | Yes | 17 | Liver | NA | NA | NA | NR | static cold storage | 17 | 52 [49–59] | 100 | NR | NA | NA | DRI | 1.54 [1.35–1.6] | |
| 12 | Carlis (2018) | DBD | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DBD | Italy | single | general transplant database | 2011 to 2017 | 89 | Yes | 52 | Liver | NA | NA | NA | NA | NR | 52 | 56 [47–64] | 83 | NR | NA | NA | DRI | 1.6 [1.41–1.85] | |
| 13 | Cruz (2023) | cDCD-NRP | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DBD | Spain | multi | Spanish National Registry on Donation and Transplantation and the Spanish National Lung and Liver Transplant Registries | 2015-01 to 2020-12 | 2,106 | Yes | 181 | Lung | A-NRP | 77 [50–112] | NR | pre-mortem | ex vivo lung perfusion | 227 | 54.4 ± 12.7 | 58.6 | Cerebrovascular 55.1%, Anoxia 27.8%, Other 8.8%, Trauma 8.4% | NA | NA | NR | NR | |
| 14 | Cruz (2023) | DBD | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DBD | Spain | multi | Spanish National Registry on Donation and Transplantation and the Spanish National Lung and Liver Transplant Registries | 2015-01 to 2020-12 | 2,106 | Yes | 1,606 | Lung | NA | NA | NA | NA | NR | 1,879 | 52.8 ± 15.2 | 49.3 | Cerebrovascular 71.8%, Trauma 17.5%, Anoxia 6.7%, Other 4.0% | NA | NA | NR | NR | |
| 15 | Duarte (2025) | A-NRP | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | USA | single | institutional database | 2020-04 to 2024-07 | 58 | No | 20 | Multi-organ | A-NRP | NR | NR | NR | NR | 20 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | |
| 16 | Duarte (2025) | Standard RR | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | USA | single | institutional database | 2020-04 to 2024-07 | 58 | No | 38 | Multi-organ | NA | NA | NA | NR | NR | 38 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NA | NR | NR | |
| 17 | Feo (2021) | cDCD | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DBD | Spain | single | transplant database | 2014 to 2019 | 247 | No | 95 | Multi-organ | A-NRP | NR | NR | pre-mortem | NR | 95 | 60 [53–68] | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | |
| 18 | Feo (2021) | DBD | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DBD | Spain | single | transplant database | 2014 to 2019 | 247 | No | 152 | Multi-organ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NR | 152 | 62 [51–79] | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | |
| 19 | Foss (2019) | cDCD with NRP | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DBD | Norway | single | NR | 2014 to 2017 | 195 | No | 32 | Kidney | A-NRP | 91 | NR | pre-mortem | NR | 18 | 52 | 72 | Anoxia 38.9%, Trauma 33.3%, Cerebrovascular 27.8% | NR | NR | NR | NR | |
| 20 | Foss (2019) | DBD | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DBD | Norway | single | NR | 2014 to 2017 | 195 | No | 163 | Kidney | NA | NA | NA | NA | NR | 163 | 47 | 63 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | |
| 21 | Gaurav (2022) | SCS | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | UK | single | hospital's medical record database | 2013-01 to 2020-10 | 233 | Yes | 97 | Liver | NA | NA | NA | NR | static cold storage | 97 | 50 [36–59] | 53 | Cerebrovascular 48%, Anoxia 33%, Trauma 11%, Other 7% | NA | NA | US DRI | 2.5 [2–3] | |
| 22 | Gaurav (2022) | NRP | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | UK | single | hospital's medical record database | 2013-01 to 2020-10 | 233 | Yes | 69 | Liver | TA-NRP and A-NRP | 133 [121–143] | NR | post-mortem | static cold storage | 69 | 51 [33–58] | 65 | Cerebrovascular 42%, Anoxia 35%, Trauma 19%, Other 4% | NA | NA | US DRI | 2.2 [1.8–2.5] | |
| 23 | Gaurav (2022) | NMP | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | UK | single | hospital's medical record database | 2013-01 to 2020-10 | 233 | Yes | 67 | Liver | NA | NA | NA | NR | normothermic machine perfusion | 67 | 52 [29–60] | 58 | Anoxia 54%, Cerebrovascular 34%, Trauma 9%, Other 3% | NA | NA | US DRI | 2.5 [2–2.9] | |
| 24 | Hessheimer (2018) | NRP | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | Spain | multi | NR | 2012 to 2016 | 370 | No | 152 | Liver | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 152 | NR | NR | NR | NA | NA | NR | NR | |
| 25 | Hessheimer (2018) | SRR | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | Spain | multi | NR | 2012 to 2016 | 370 | No | 218 | Liver | NA | NA | NA | NR | NR | 218 | NR | NR | NR | NA | NA | NR | NR | |
| 26 | Hessheimer (2021) | A-NRP | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | Spain | multi | Spanish Liver Transplant Registry (RETH) | 2012 to 2019 | 803 | Yes | 545 | Liver | A-NRP | 111 [81–126] | NR | NR | static cold storage | 545 | 59 [49–67] | 64 | Cerebrovascular 46%, Anoxia 32%, Other 12.5%, Trauma 9.5% | NA | NA | UK DCD Risk Score | 5 [3–8] | |
| 27 | Hessheimer (2021) | SRR | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | Spain | multi | Spanish Liver Transplant Registry (RETH) | 2012 to 2019 | 803 | Yes | 258 | Liver | NA | NA | NA | NR | static cold storage | 258 | 58 [48–67] | 65 | Cerebrovascular 42%, Anoxia 36%, Other 12%, Trauma 10% | NA | NA | UK DCD Risk Score | 5 [3–8] | |
| 28 | Maksimuk (2025) | DBD-SCS | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DBD | USA | multi | United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) | 2021-09 to 2024-03 | 19,717 | Yes | NR | Liver | NA | NA | NA | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NA | NA | NR | NR | |
| 29 | Maksimuk (2025) | DCD-NMP | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DBD | USA | multi | United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) | 2021-09 to 2024-03 | 19,717 | Yes | 983 | Liver | NA | NA | NA | NR | normothermic machine perfusion | NR | NR | NR | NR | NA | NA | NR | NR | |
| 30 | Maksimuk (2025) | DBD | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DBD | USA | multi | United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) | 2021-09 to 2024-03 | 19,717 | Yes | 18,460 | Liver | NA | NA | NA | NA | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NA | NA | NR | NR | |
| 31 | Maksimuk (2025) | DCD NRP | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DBD | USA | multi | United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) | 2021-09 to 2024-03 | 19,717 | Yes | 348 | Liver | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NA | NA | NR | NR | |
| 32 | Maksimuk (2025) | DCD NMP | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DBD | USA | multi | United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) | 2021-09 to 2024-03 | 19,717 | Yes | 983 | Liver | NA | NA | NA | NR | normothermic machine perfusion | NR | NR | NR | NR | NA | NA | NR | NR | |
| 33 | Maksimuk (2025) | DCD SCS | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DBD | USA | multi | United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) | 2021-09 to 2024-03 | 19,717 | Yes | 1,191 | Liver | NA | NA | NA | NR | static cold storage | NR | NR | NR | NR | NA | NA | NR | NR | |
| 34 | Mehta (2018) | NRP | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | UK | NR | NR | NR | 50 | NR | 12 | Liver | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 12 | NR | NR | NR | NA | NA | NR | NR | |
| 35 | Mehta (2018) | non-NRP | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | UK | NR | NR | NR | 50 | NR | 38 | Liver | NA | NA | NA | NR | NR | 38 | NR | NR | NR | NA | NA | NR | NR | |
| 36 | Miñambres (2017) | cDCD | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DBD | Spain | single | center transplant database | 2014-09 to 2016-09 | 78 | Yes | 37 | Kidney | A-NRP | 109 [93–138] | 37 | pre-mortem | static cold storage | 27 | 58 [50–67] | 74.1 | Cerebrovascular 40.7%, Anoxia 33.3%, Other 22.2%, Trauma 3.7% | NR | 55.6 | NR | NR | |
| 37 | Miñambres (2017) | DBD | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DBD | Spain | single | center transplant database | 2014-09 to 2016-09 | 78 | Yes | 36 | Kidney | NA | NA | NA | NA | NR | 51 | 63 [51.5–71] | 54.9 | Cerebrovascular 66.7%, Trauma 17.9%, Anoxia 15.7% | NR | 74.5 | NR | NR | |
| 38 | Miñambres (2019) | cDCD | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DBD | Spain | multi | donor center database | 2014-09 to 2018-12 | 53 | Yes | 16 | Liver | A-NRP | 114 [58–121] | NR | pre-mortem | rapid dual cold organ perfusion | 19 | 54 [47–59] | 52.6 | Cerebrovascular 42.1%, Anoxia 36.8%, Other 21.1% | NR | NR | NR | NR | |
| 39 | Miñambres (2019) | DBD | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DBD | Spain | multi | donor center database | 2014-09 to 2018-12 | 53 | Yes | 29 | Liver | NA | NA | NA | NA | NR | 34 | 62 [52–67] | 38.2 | Cerebrovascular 67.6%, Trauma 11.8%, Other 11.8%, Anoxia 8.8% | NR | NA | NR | NR | |
| 40 | Minus (2025) | NRP | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | USA | multi | UNOS data | 2021-06 to 2024-09 | 1,371 | Yes | 178 | Liver | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 178 | 36 ± 12.1 | NR | NR | NA | NA | UK DCD Risk Score | 5 (IQR 5) | |
| 41 | Minus (2025) | DP | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | USA | multi | UNOS data | 2021-06 to 2024-09 | 1,371 | Yes | 1,193 | Liver | NA | NA | NA | NR | NR | 1,193 | 40.9 ± 12.2 | NR | NR | NA | NA | UK DCD Risk Score | 5 (IQR 4) | |
| 42 | Mohkam (2022) | NRP | Retrospective Cohort | Other | Belgium, France, Germany, Spain, UK | multi | French cDCD LT program and COPE trial | 2014-08 to 2019-12 | 102 | Yes | 68 | Liver | A-NRP | 184 | NR | NR | static cold storage | 68 | 49 [37–60] | 70.6 | Anoxia 39.7%, Trauma 33.8%, Cerebrovascular 26.5% | NA | NA | US DRI | 1.98 [1.68–2.43] | |
| 43 | Mohkam (2022) | NMP | Retrospective Cohort | Other | Belgium, France, Germany, Spain, UK | multi | French cDCD LT program and COPE trial | 2014-08 to 2019-12 | 102 | Yes | 34 | Liver | NA | NA | NA | post-mortem | static cold storage, normothermic machine perfusion | 34 | 48 [33–62] | 58.8 | Anoxia 44.1%, Cerebrovascular 32.4%, Trauma 8.8% | NA | NA | US DRI | 2.13 [1.9–2.42] | |
| 44 | Motter (2024) | TA-NRP | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | USA | multi | Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR) | 2020-01 to 2022-07 | 70,873 | Yes | 16 | Heart | TA-NRP | 130 [110–158] | NR | NR | NR | NR | 41 [34–44] | 77 | Anoxia 55%, Cerebrovascular 23%, Trauma 23% | 40 [34–55] | NR | NR | NR | |
| 45 | Motter (2024) | tDCD | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | USA | multi | Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR) | 2020-01 to 2022-07 | 70,873 | Yes | 352 | Lung | NA | NA | NA | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | |
| 46 | Motter (2024) | DBD | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | USA | multi | Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR) | 2020-01 to 2022-07 | 70,873 | Yes | 7,095 | Heart | NA | NA | NA | NA | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | |
| 47 | Muller (2020) | NRP | Retrospective Cohort | Other | France, Switzerland | multi | institutional databases | 2012 to 2019 | 225 | Yes | 132 | Liver | NR | 184 [159–207] | NR | pre-mortem | static cold storage | 132 | 50 [39–59] | NR | Anoxia 43.2%, Cerebrovascular 31.8%, Trauma 25% | NA | NA | UK DCD Risk Score | 6 [3–8] | |
| 48 | Muller (2020) | HOPE | Retrospective Cohort | Other | France, Switzerland | multi | institutional databases | 2012 to 2019 | 225 | Yes | 93 | Liver | NA | NA | NA | not administered | hypothermic oxygenated perfusion | 93 | 61 [52–71] | NR | Anoxia 51.6%, Cerebrovascular 30.1%, Trauma 18.2% | NA | NA | DRI | 2.47 [2.08–2.8] | |
| 49 | Muñoz (2020) | Super-rapid recovery | Prospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | Spain | single | prospective cohort database | 2014-04 to 2019-07 | 45 | Yes | 22 | Liver | NA | NA | NA | NR | NR | 22 | 53 | 77 | Cerebrovascular 55%, Anoxia 36%, Trauma 9% | NA | NA | NR | NR | |
| 50 | Muñoz (2020) | Normothermic regional perfusion | Prospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | Spain | single | prospective cohort database | 2014-04 to 2019-07 | 45 | Yes | 23 | Liver | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 23 | 51 | 56 | Cerebrovascular 53%, Anoxia 47% | NA | NA | NR | NR | |
| 51 | Nguyen (2023) | NRP cDCD | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | USA | single | institutional database | 2021-01 to 2022-11 | 19 | No | 4 | Liver | TA-NRP | NR | NR | NR | NR | 4 | 35 [23–43] | 100 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | |
| 52 | Nguyen (2023) | cDCD | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | USA | single | institutional database | 2021-01 to 2022-11 | 19 | No | 15 | Liver | NA | NA | NA | NR | NR | 15 | 44 [38–49] | 46.7 | NR | NR | NA | NR | NR | |
| 53 | Oniscu (2022) | NRP cDCD | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | UK | multi | UK Transplant Registry | 2011-01 to 2019-12 | 4,716 | No | 163 | Multi-organ | TA-NRP and A-NRP | NR | NR | NR | NR | 163 | 51 [38–61] | 64 | Cerebrovascular 47%, Other 44%, Trauma 9% | NR | NR | NR | NR | |
| 54 | Oniscu (2022) | Non-NRP cDCD | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | UK | multi | UK Transplant Registry | 2011-01 to 2019-12 | 4,716 | No | 4,553 | Multi-organ | NA | NA | NA | NR | ex situ machine perfusion | 4,553 | 57 [46–67] | 62 | Other 50%, Cerebrovascular 45%, Trauma 5% | NR | NR | NR | NR | |
| 55 | Oniscu (2022) | DBD | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | UK | multi | UK Transplant Registry | 2011-01 to 2019-12 | 4,716 | No | NA | Multi-organ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NR | NA | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | |
| 56 | Patrono (2022) | DCD | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DBD | Italy | single | prospectively collected data | 2016-01 to 2021-07 | 60 | Yes | 20 | Liver | A-NRP | 246 [221–269] | NR | pre-mortem | dual hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion | 20 | 60.1 [55.1–61.5] | NR | NR | NA | NA | UK DCD Risk Score | 13 [11–14] | |
| 57 | Patrono (2022) | DBD | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DBD | Italy | single | prospectively collected data | 2016-01 to 2021-07 | 60 | Yes | 40 | Liver | NA | NA | NA | NR | static cold storage | 40 | 63.1 [44.8–71.7] | NR | NR | NA | NA | BAR | 5 [3–17] | |
| 58 | Puttappa (2025) | DCD-DP-SCS | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | UK | single | electronic patient records and prospectively maintained transplant perfusion database | 2015-01 to 2022-12 | 238 | Yes | 59 | Liver | NA | NA | NA | NR | static cold storage | 59 | 50 [36–58] | NR | NR | NA | NA | US DRI | 2.5 [2–3] | |
| 59 | Puttappa (2025) | DCD-NRP-SCS | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | UK | single | electronic patient records and prospectively maintained transplant perfusion database | 2015-01 to 2022-12 | 238 | Yes | 101 | Liver | TA-NRP and A-NRP | NR | NR | post-mortem | static cold storage | 101 | 55 [42–60] | NR | NR | NA | NA | US DRI | 2.3 [2.1–2.5] | |
| 60 | Puttappa (2025) | DCD-DP-NMP | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | UK | single | electronic patient records and prospectively maintained transplant perfusion database | 2015-01 to 2022-12 | 238 | Yes | 78 | Liver | NA | NA | NA | NR | normothermic machine perfusion | 78 | 46 [28–59] | NR | NR | NA | NA | US DRI | 2.4 [2–2.8] | |
| 61 | Quandahl (?) | SRR + CS | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | USA | single | NR | NR | 50 | No | 33 | Liver | NA | NA | NA | NR | static cold storage | 33 | 36 [22–45] | 72.7 | NR | NA | NA | NR | NR | |
| 62 | Quandahl (?) | NRP + CS | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | USA | single | NR | NR | 50 | No | 8 | Liver | NR | NR | NR | NR | static cold storage | 8 | 23.5 [21.8–28.5] | 100 | NR | NA | NA | NR | NR | |
| 63 | Quandahl (?) | SRR + NMP | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | USA | single | NR | NR | 50 | No | 9 | Liver | NA | NA | NA | NR | normothermic machine perfusion | 9 | 40 [32–57] | 66.7 | NR | NA | NA | NR | NR | |
| 64 | Rodríguez (2021) | NRP | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DBD | Spain | single | observational cohort study | 2016-11 to 2021-04 | 117 | Yes | 39 | Liver | A-NRP | 90–120 | NR | NR | histidine-triptophan-ketoglutarate | 39 | 52 (15–68) | 66.7 | Cerebrovascular 53.8%, Anoxia 35.9%, Trauma 10.3% | NA | NA | NR | NR | |
| 65 | Rodríguez (2021) | DBD | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DBD | Spain | single | observational cohort study | 2016-11 to 2021-04 | 117 | Yes | 78 | Liver | NA | NA | NA | NA | histidine-triptophan-ketoglutarate | 78 | 59.4 (25–81) | 54.2 | Cerebrovascular 78.1%, Trauma 13%, Anoxia 8.9% | NA | NA | NR | NR | |
| 66 | Rodríguez-Sanjuán (2018) | Controlled DCD with NRP | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DBD | Spain | single | NR | 2014-09 to 2017-03 | 62 | Yes | 11 | Liver | A-NRP | 94.1 | 37 | pre-mortem | static cold storage | 11 | 49.9 | 54.5 | Cerebrovascular 54.5%, Other 27.3%, Anoxia 9.1%, Trauma 9.1% | NA | NA | NR | NR | |
| 67 | Rodríguez-Sanjuán (2018) | DBD | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DBD | Spain | single | NR | 2014-09 to 2017-03 | 62 | Yes | 51 | Liver | NA | NA | NA | NA | NR | 51 | 64.4 | 49.0 | Cerebrovascular 82.4%, Trauma 11.8%, Anoxia 3.9%, Other 2% | NA | NA | NR | NR | |
| 68 | Ruíz (2021) | cDCD | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DBD | Spain | single | NR | 2015-01 to 2019-06 | 300 | Yes | 100 | Liver | A-NRP | 121 [118–128] | NR | pre-mortem | dual cold organ perfusion, static cold storage | 100 | 62 [53–69] | 33.3 | Cerebrovascular 38%, Anoxia 35%, Other 19%, Trauma 8% | NA | NA | UK DCD Risk Score | 5 [2.8–6] | |
| 69 | Ruíz (2021) | DBD | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DBD | Spain | single | NR | 2015-01 to 2019-06 | 300 | Yes | 200 | Liver | NA | NA | NA | NR | static cold storage | 200 | 62 [50.8–72] | 47.2 | Cerebrovascular 73.9%, Trauma 15.1%, Anoxia 9.6% | NA | NA | NR | NR | |
| 70 | Savier (2020) | cDCD with NRP | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DBD | France | multi | ABM prospective French national database “CRISTAL” | 2013-01 to 2017-06 | 150 | Yes | 50 | Liver | A-NRP | 190 [151–223] | NR | post-mortem | static cold storage | 50 | 50 [39–56.5] | 68 | NR | NA | NA | UK DCD Risk Score | 6 [3–6] | |
| 71 | Savier (2020) | DBD | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DBD | France | multi | ABM prospective French national database “CRISTAL” | 2013-01 to 2017-06 | 150 | Yes | 100 | Liver | NA | NA | NA | NA | static cold storage | 100 | 50 [40–59] | 61 | NR | NA | NA | NR | NR | |
| 72 | Schurink (2022) | aNRP | Prospective Cohort | Both (DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP and DCD-NRP vs DBD) | Netherlands | multi | prospective data collection | 2018-10 to 2021-04 | 150 | Yes | 20 | Liver | A-NRP | 120 [110–128] | NR | NR | static cold storage, dual hypothermic machine perfusion | 28 | 67 [64–71] | 50 | Other 40%, Cerebrovascular 35%, Trauma 15%, Anoxia 10% | NA | NA | ET-DRI | 3.1 [2.97–3.24] | |
| 73 | Schurink (2022) | DCD | Prospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | Netherlands | multi | prospective data collection | 2018-10 to 2021-04 | 150 | Yes | 49 | Liver | NA | NA | NA | NR | static cold storage, dual hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion | 49 | 48 [34–55] | 43 | Other 33%, Cerebrovascular 24%, Trauma 24%, Anoxia 18% | NA | NA | ET-DRI | 2.19 [1.9–2.42] | |
| 74 | Schurink (2022) | DBD | Prospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | Netherlands | multi | prospective data collection | 2018-10 to 2021-04 | 150 | Yes | 81 | Liver | NA | NA | NA | NR | static cold storage, dual hypothermic machine perfusion | 81 | 58 [47–70] | 44 | Cerebrovascular 42%, Other 35%, Trauma 12%, Anoxia 11% | NA | NA | ET-DRI | 1.69 [1.49–2.01] | |
| 75 | Sellers (2025) | NRP | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | USA | single | prospectively recorded database | 2022-01 to 2024-07 | 1,089 | No | 90 | Liver | TA-NRP and A-NRP | 88.5 [66–127] | NR | NR | normothermic machine perfusion | 90 | 53 [44–59] | 53 | NR | 70 [57–85] | NR | NR | NR | |
| 76 | Sellers (2025) | DP | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | USA | single | prospectively recorded database | 2022-01 to 2024-07 | 1,089 | No | 270 | Multi-organ | NA | NA | NA | NR | normothermic machine perfusion | 270 | 48 [37–57] | 65 | NR | 67 [46–82] | NR | NR | NR | |
| 77 | Sellers (2025) | DBD | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | USA | single | prospectively recorded database | 2022-01 to 2024-07 | 1,089 | No | 729 | Multi-organ | NA | NA | NA | NR | NR | 729 | 44 [32–54] | 61 | NR | 53 [30–77] | NR | NR | NR | |
| 78 | Sherif (2018) | NRP | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | UK | single | NR | 2005 to 2018 | 123 | Yes | 22 | Liver | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 22 | NR | NR | NR | NA | NA | NR | NR | |
| 79 | Sherif (2018) | Standard DCD | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | UK | single | NR | 2005 to 2018 | 123 | Yes | 101 | Liver | NA | NA | NA | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NA | NA | NR | NR | |
| 80 | Thomas (2023) | Direct Procurement | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | USA | multi | United Network for Organ Sharing database | 2019-12 to 2022-03 | 374 | Yes | 116 | Liver | NA | NA | NA | NR | ex-situ machine perfusion | 116 | 28 [23–33] | 87.7 | Trauma 47.2%, Anoxia 45.8%, Cerebrovascular 4.7%, Other 2.4% | 23 [13–39] | NR | NR | NR | |
| 81 | Thomas (2023) | In-situ Perfusion | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | USA | multi | United Network for Organ Sharing database | 2019-12 to 2022-03 | 374 | Yes | 67 | Liver | TA-NRP | NR | NR | NR | ex-situ machine perfusion | 67 | 28 [21–34] | NR | NR | 19 [10–33] | NR | NR | NR | |
| 82 | Varga (2022) | DCD | Retrospective Cohort | Other | Spain | single | prospectively maintained liver transplant database | 2015-01 to 2018-12 | 102 | Yes | 51 | Liver | NR | 106 [54–280] | NR | pre-mortem | static cold storage | 51 | 53.5 ± 14.5 | 60.8 | Cerebrovascular 49%, Anoxia 25%, Other 14%, Trauma 12% | NA | NA | NR | NR | |
| 83 | Varga (2022) | DBD | Retrospective Cohort | Other | Spain | single | prospectively maintained liver transplant database | 2015-01 to 2018-12 | 102 | Yes | 51 | Liver | NA | NA | NA | NR | NR | 51 | 54.2 ± 15.5 | 62.7 | NR | NA | NA | NR | NR | |
| 84 | Viguera (2021) | cDCD with NRP | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DBD | Spain | multi | retrospective cohort database | 2019-01 to 2019-12 | 591 | Yes | 144 | Liver | A-NRP | 95 [73–127] | NR | pre-mortem | static cold storage | 144 | 60 [51–72] | 55 | Cerebrovascular 70%, Anoxia 18%, Trauma 12% | NA | NA | NR | NR | |
| 85 | Viguera (2021) | DBD | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DBD | Spain | multi | retrospective cohort database | 2019-01 to 2019-12 | 591 | Yes | 447 | Liver | NA | NA | NA | NA | static cold storage | 447 | 57 [47–70] | 53 | Cerebrovascular 62%, Anoxia 16%, Trauma 14% | NA | NA | NR | NR | |
| 86 | Walker (2025) | DCD-NRP | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DBD | USA | single | retrospective review | 2021-01 to 2024-12 | 235 | Yes | 83 | Liver | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 83 | 51 [39–60] | 58 | NR | NA | NA | NR | NR | |
| 87 | Walker (2025) | DBD | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DBD | USA | single | retrospective review | 2021-01 to 2024-12 | 235 | Yes | 152 | Liver | NA | NA | NA | NR | NR | 152 | 41 [28–53] | 68 | NR | NA | NA | NR | NR | |
| 88 | Wall (2023) | TA-NRP DCD | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | USA | multi | UNOS STAR file | 2020-10 to 2022-05 | 202 | Yes | 118 | Kidney | TA-NRP | NR | NR | pre-mortem | machine perfusion | NR | 27 [21–34] | 89.4 | NR | 18 [10–31] | NR | NR | NR | |
| 89 | Wall (2023) | SRR DCD | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | USA | multi | UNOS STAR file | 2020-10 to 2022-05 | 202 | Yes | 200 | Kidney | NA | NA | NA | pre-mortem | pump | NR | 31 [25–36] | 82.1 | NR | 28 [14–41] | NR | NR | NR | |
| 90 | Wall (2024) | NRP | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | USA | multi | United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) Standard Transplant Analysis and Research files | 2020-10 to 2023-09 | 493 | Yes | 188 | Liver | TA-NRP | NR | NR | NR | static cold storage, ex situ machine perfusion | 188 | 31 [24–36] | 88 | NR | NA | NA | NR | NR | |
| 91 | Wall (2024) | SRR | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | USA | multi | United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) Standard Transplant Analysis and Research files | 2020-10 to 2023-09 | 493 | Yes | 305 | Liver | NA | NA | NA | NR | static cold storage, ex situ machine perfusion | 305 | 31 [25–36] | 84 | NR | NA | NA | NR | NR | |
| 92 | Watson (2018) | NRP | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | UK | multi | UK Transplant Registry and hospital records | 2011-01 to 2017-06 | 230 | Yes | 43 | Liver | TA-NRP and A-NRP | 123 [103–130] | NR | post-mortem | static cold storage | 43 | 41 [33–57] | NR | Cerebrovascular 47%, Anoxia 28%, Trauma 23%, Other 2% | NA | NA | US DRI | 1.8 [1.7–2.4] | |
| 93 | Watson (2018) | Non-NRP | Retrospective Cohort | DCD-NRP vs DCD-No-NRP | UK | multi | UK Transplant Registry and hospital records | 2011-01 to 2017-06 | 230 | Yes | 187 | Liver | NA | NA | NA | NR | static cold storage | 187 | 50 [37–58] | NR | Cerebrovascular 48%, Anoxia 37%, Trauma 12%, Other 3% | NA | NA | UK DLI | 1.9 [1.6–2.2] |
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