Fulltext Screening: Dietary Interventions for Type 2 Diabetes in South Asian Adults
Screening decisions for 74 studies on dietary and lifestyle interventions for T2D management in South Asian populations, with inclusion/exclusion rationale.
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| # | author | year | title | doi | pubmed_id | fulltext_result | fulltext_reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Afable | 2,016 | Evidence based review of type 2 diabetes prevention and management in low and middle income countries | https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v7.i10.209 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27226816 | exclude | The study population consists of adults in low and middle-income countries, rather than specifically South Asian adults. The inclusion criterion regarding population is not met. |
| 2 | Ali | 2,020 | Preventing type 2 diabetes among South Asian Americans through community-based lifestyle interventions: A systematic review | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101182 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32844084 | exclude | The study is a systematic review focused on diabetes prevention among at-risk individuals, explicitly excluding studies focused on diabetes management in individuals diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes (Methods section). Therefore, it fails the inclusion criterion for the population (South Asian adults diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes). |
| 3 | Anjana | 2,022 | Macronutrient Recommendations for Remission and Prevention of Diabetes in Asian Indians Based on a Data-Driven Optimization Model: The ICMR-INDIAB National Study | https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-0627 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36350789 | exclude | The study is a cross-sectional analysis using a data-driven optimization model to derive macronutrient recommendations; it does not evaluate a dietary counseling, nutrition intervention, low glycemic index diet, or culturally tailored dietary intervention. Therefore, it fails the inclusion criterion requiring the evaluation of an intervention and meets the exclusion criterion for having no identifiable dietary intervention component. |
| 4 | Aslam | 2,025 | Effectiveness of behavioral intervention programs for preventing and managing diabetes in adults: a systematic review of evidence | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-25319-y | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41257676 | exclude | The study fails the inclusion criterion for population as it reviews global adult populations with or at risk for type 2 diabetes, rather than focusing specifically on South Asian adults diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes. Additionally, the review includes studies on gestational diabetes and prediabetes, which are excluded populations. |
| 5 | Asmat | 2,024 | Effect of patient-centered self-management intervention on glycemic control, self-efficacy, and self-care behaviors in South Asian adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A multicenter randomized controlled trial | https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.13611 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39264007 | include | This randomized controlled trial involves South Asian adults with Type 2 Diabetes in Pakistan and evaluates a culturally tailored self-management intervention (PACE-SMI) that explicitly includes 'diet control' as a component of its behavioral training and counseling sessions. The study reports relevant outcomes including HbA1c and self-care behaviors, meeting all inclusion criteria with no exclusion criteria applying. |
| 6 | Athithan | 2,023 | Response to a low-energy meal replacement plan on glycometabolic profile and reverse cardiac remodelling in type 2 diabetes: a comparison between South Asians and White Europeans | https://doi.org/10.1177/20420188231193231 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37811525 | include | The study meets all inclusion criteria, including South Asian adults with Type 2 Diabetes, evaluation of a low-energy meal replacement plan (nutrition intervention), and reporting of outcomes related to glycemic control and anthropometric measures. It is a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial published in English in 2023, and no exclusion criteria apply. |
| 7 | Bhowmik | 2,025 | Faith-Based Lifestyle Intervention for Diabetes Prevention Among Adults in Bangladesh | https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkop... | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41114978 | exclude | The study population consists of adults with prediabetes, not participants diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes, failing Inclusion Criterion 1. The Abstract states the objective is 'reducing T2D incidence among adults with prediabetes,' and the Methods section confirms that individuals with a prior T2D diagnosis were excluded. |
| 8 | Chadwick | 2,025 | Effectiveness of primary care-led low-carbohydrate diet and self-management advice on glycaemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: protocol of a cluster randomised controlled trial | https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2025-100310 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41093350 | exclude | This is a study protocol without results; the title explicitly states it is a 'protocol of a cluster randomised controlled trial' and the text describes planned methods and future data collection rather than reporting outcome data. |
| 9 | Chattopadhyay | 2,023 | Yoga Programme for Type 2 Diabetes Prevention (YOGA-DP) Among High-Risk People in India: A Multicenter Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial | https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-023-01395-4 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37002475 | exclude | The study excludes participants with Type 2 Diabetes (HbA1c ≥ 6.5%) and focuses on individuals at high risk of T2DM (prediabetes), failing the inclusion criterion requiring participants to be diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes. |
| 10 | Chen | 2,022 | Ethnic differences in response to lifestyle intervention for the prevention of type 2 diabetes in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis | https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13340 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34528393 | exclude | The study focuses on the prevention of Type 2 Diabetes in adults at risk (prediabetes) and explicitly excludes participants diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes. The Methods section states: 'The exclusion criteria included participants who were diagnosed with type 1 or type 2 diabetes.' This fails the inclusion criterion requiring participants diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes. |
| 11 | Cherta-Murillo | 2,025 | Investigating the effects of mycoprotein and guar gum on postprandial glucose in type 2 diabetes: a double-blind randomised controlled trial | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-025-00375-w | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40410155 | include | The study meets all inclusion criteria: it is a randomized controlled trial published in 2025 that includes South Asian adults with Type 2 Diabetes (n=8), evaluates a nutrition intervention (mycoprotein and guar gum-enriched chapati), and reports outcomes related to glycemic control (postprandial glucose and insulin). |
| 12 | Dave | 2,019 | The impact of multiple lifestyle interventions on remission of type 2 diabetes mellitus within a clinical setting | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obmed.2019.01.005 | include | The study meets all inclusion criteria as it evaluates a lifestyle intervention including dietary counseling in Indian adults (South Asian) with Type 2 Diabetes and reports outcomes related to glycemic control and anthropometric measures. It is an original research article published in English within the eligible timeframe (references include 2018). | |
| 13 | Deshmane | 2,022 | Adherence and Barriers to Medical Nutrition Therapy and the Effect on Glycemic Control Among Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes in India | https://doi.org/10.12944/crnfsj.10.3.18 | include | The study meets all inclusion criteria: it is a cross-sectional (observational) study of South Asian adults with Type 2 Diabetes in India that evaluates the effect of Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT) on glycemic control (HbA1c, blood glucose) and adherence. It was published in English in 2022, and no exclusion criteria apply. | |
| 14 | Deshmane | 2,024 | Quality of Life and Its Association With Time in Range Among People With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Following Different Dietary Interventions: A Crossover Clinical Trial | https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.57624 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38707009 | include | The study meets all inclusion criteria as it is a crossover clinical trial conducted in India (South Asian population) among adults (25-55 years) with Type 2 Diabetes, evaluating dietary interventions (Continuous Calorie Restricted Diet and Time Restricted Intermittent Fasting) and reporting outcomes related to glycemic control (HbA1c, Time in Range). No exclusion criteria apply; the study explicitly excludes pregnant women and focuses on T2DM. |
| 15 | Devarajan | 2,016 | A Blend of Sesame and Rice Bran Oils Lowers Hyperglycemia and Improves the Lipids | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.02.044 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27046245 | include | The study is a randomized controlled trial published in 2016 involving South Asian adults with Type 2 Diabetes in India (Methods). It evaluates a nutrition intervention (replacing cooking oil with a sesame and rice bran oil blend) and reports outcomes on glycemic control and cardiometabolic risk factors (Abstract). |
| 16 | Dissanayake | 2,024 | Very-low-calorie diet-based intensive lifestyle intervention for remission of type 2 diabetes: Real-world experience in a South Asian population | https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.15422 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39118237 | include | This retrospective cohort study meets all inclusion criteria: it focuses on South Asian adults with Type 2 Diabetes in Sri Lanka (Methods), evaluates a very-low-calorie diet intervention adapted to the local setting (Methods), reports outcomes on diabetes remission and HbA1c (Results), and was published in 2024. No exclusion criteria apply. |
| 17 | Faraz | 2,021 | Clinical Features, Biochemical Profile, and Response to Standard Treatment in Lean, Normal-Weight, and Overweight/Obese Indian Type 2 Diabetes Patients | https://doi.org/10.1900/rds.2021.17.68 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34852897 | exclude | The study fails Inclusion Criterion 2 as it is a retrospective cross-sectional analysis evaluating the response to standard medical treatment (antidiabetic medication) rather than a specific dietary counseling, nutrition intervention, or low glycemic index diet. The Methods section details drug prescriptions but contains no identifiable dietary or nutrition-related intervention component. |
| 18 | Farhat | 2,023 | Culturally Tailored Dietary Interventions for Improving Glycaemic Control and Preventing Complications in South Asians with Type 2 Diabetes: Success and Future Implications | https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11081123 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37107956 | include | The study is a review with systematic search methods that evaluates dietary and lifestyle interventions for South Asian adults with Type 2 Diabetes. It meets all inclusion criteria: the population is South Asian adults with T2DM (Methods states 'Studies were restricted to South Asian patients with T2DM'); it evaluates dietary interventions (Table 1 lists 'Dietary-based' interventions); it reports outcomes related to glycemic control and anthropometric measures (Abstract mentions 'improvements in HbA1c levels'); and the design is a systematic review (Methods describes a search of six databases with defined inclusion/exclusion criteria). It was published in English in 2023. |
| 19 | Farhat | 2,024 | Effectiveness of lifestyle interventions/culturally bespoke programmes in South Asian ethnic groups targeting weight loss for prevention and/or remission of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention trials | https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.13279 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38234263 | include | This systematic review and meta-analysis includes South Asian adults diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes (remission trials) and evaluates culturally tailored lifestyle and dietary interventions. It reports relevant outcomes such as HbA1c and weight, and was published in 2024. |
| 20 | Ford | 2,019 | Dietary changes in a diabetes prevention intervention among people with prediabetes: the Diabetes Community Lifestyle Improvement Program trial | https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-018-1249-1 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30426214 | exclude | The study fails Inclusion Criterion 1 because the participants are adults with prediabetes, not diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes. The Abstract and Methods explicitly state the trial targeted 'overweight/obese Asian Indian adults... with prediabetes' to prevent diabetes. |
| 21 | Fottrell | 2,016 | The effect of community groups and mobile phone messages on the prevention and control of diabetes in rural Bangladesh: study protocol for a three-arm cluster randomised controlled trial | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-016-1738-x | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27993166 | exclude | This article is a study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial and does not report outcome data. The title explicitly states 'study protocol,' and the 'Trial status' section confirms 'The trial is ongoing.' |
| 22 | Goyal Mehra | 2,022 | A personalized multi-interventional approach focusing on customized nutrition, progressive fitness, and lifestyle modification resulted in the reduction of HbA1c, fasting blood sugar and weight in type 2 diabetes: a retrospective study | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-022-01212-2 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36419152 | include | The study meets all inclusion criteria as it is a retrospective study published in 2022 involving South Asian adults (recruited from India) with Type 2 Diabetes. The intervention includes customized nutrition and low glycemic index diets, and the study reports outcomes on HbA1c, fasting blood sugar, and weight. No exclusion criteria apply. |
| 23 | Gulati | 2,017 | Effect of Almond Supplementation on Glycemia and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Asian Indians in North India with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A 24-Week Study | https://doi.org/10.1089/met.2016.0066 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28051354 | include | The study meets all inclusion criteria: it is a pre-post interventional study published in 2017 focusing on South Asian adults with Type 2 Diabetes, evaluates a dietary intervention (almond supplementation and counseling), and reports outcomes related to glycemic control and cardiometabolic risk factors. No exclusion criteria apply. |
| 24 | Gulati | 2,023 | Beneficial effects of premeal almond load on glucose profile on oral glucose tolerance and continuous glucose monitoring: randomized crossover trials in Asian Indians with prediabetes | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-023-01263-1 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36732571 | exclude | The study population consists of Asian Indian adults with prediabetes, not Type 2 Diabetes. The Methods section explicitly states that participants with known diabetes were excluded from the study. |
| 25 | Hadi | 2,025 | Effect of Physical Activity and Dietary Changes on Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Case-Control Study in Bangladesh | https://doi.org/10.1002/edm2.70051 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40372910 | include | The study meets all inclusion criteria: it focuses on South Asian adults (Bangladeshi) diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes (Abstract, Methods); evaluates a dietary intervention (healthy diet, low sugar, high fibre) alongside physical activity (Methods); reports outcomes related to glycemic control (HbA1c, FPG, PPG) and cardiometabolic risk factors (lipid profile, BMI) (Results); and is a prospective interventional study published in English in 2025. No exclusion criteria apply. |
| 26 | Jain | 2,018 | Community Health Worker Interventions in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: Assessing the Feasibility and Effectiveness in Rural Central India | https://doi.org/10.5530/jcdr.2018.3.29 | include | This randomized controlled trial conducted in India involves South Asian adults with Type 2 Diabetes and evaluates a Community Health Worker intervention that includes health education and reinforcement of dietary changes. The study reports relevant outcomes including HbA1c, blood glucose levels, and anthropometric measures, and was published in English in 2018. | |
| 27 | Jenum | 2,019 | Effects of dietary and physical activity interventions on the risk of type 2 diabetes in South Asians: meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised controlled trials | https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-019-4905-2 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31201437 | exclude | The study focuses on the prevention of type 2 diabetes in high-risk South Asian adults (e.g., those with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose) rather than individuals already diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. The inclusion criterion requiring participants to be diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes is not met. |
| 28 | Jessa | 2,025 | Exploring the Associations Between Vegetarianism and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in South Asian Populations: A Systematic Review | https://doi.org/10.3390/dietetics4040054 | exclude | The study fails the inclusion criterion for the population, as it includes general South Asian populations rather than specifically adults diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes (Table 2 shows diabetes prevalence ranging from 1.1% to 28.7%, and one study excluded participants with diabetes). Additionally, it is a systematic review of observational studies and does not evaluate a dietary intervention. | |
| 29 | Kallapura | 2,024 | Microbiota based personalized nutrition improves hyperglycaemia and hypertension parameters and reduces inflammation: a prospective, open label, controlled, randomized, comparative, proof of concept study | https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.17583 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38948211 | include | The study meets all inclusion criteria as it is a randomized controlled trial involving Indian (South Asian) adults with Type 2 Diabetes that evaluates a microbiome-based personalized nutrition intervention. It reports relevant outcomes including HbA1c and blood pressure, was published in English in 2024, and no exclusion criteria apply. |
| 30 | Karmacharya | 2,024 | A service evaluation of weight management for glycaemic control and remission of type 2 diabetes using traditional food in Nepal (Ho-DIRECT NEPAL): a single-arm trial | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lansea.2024.100465 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39253354 | include | The study meets all inclusion criteria: it focuses on South Asian adults (Nepalese) diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes (Methods), evaluates a culturally tailored dietary intervention using traditional foods (Methods/Intervention), and reports outcomes related to glycemic control (HbA1c) and anthropometric measures (body weight). The study design is a single-arm trial published in 2024, and no exclusion criteria apply. |
| 31 | Kesavadev | 2,017 | Assessing the Therapeutic Utility of Professional Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Type 2 Diabetes Across Various Therapies: A Retrospective Evaluation | https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-017-0576-x | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28667580 | include | The study meets all inclusion criteria: it focuses on South Asian adults with Type 2 Diabetes in India (Methods); evaluates a P-CGM-guided intervention that includes dietary counseling (Abstract states patients were "counselled on diet and exercise change(s)"; Table 5 shows diet changes were prescribed); reports glycemic control outcomes (A1C); and is a retrospective observational study published in 2017. |
| 32 | Krishnakumar | 2,021 | Evaluating Glycemic Control in Patients of South Asian Origin With Type 2 Diabetes Using a Digital Therapeutic Platform: Analysis of Real-World Data | https://doi.org/10.2196/17908 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33764306 | include | The study meets all inclusion criteria: it focuses on South Asian adults (≥18 years) with Type 2 Diabetes in India (Methods); evaluates a digital therapeutic intervention that includes lessons on "healthy eating" and culturally relevant content (Methods - Program); and reports outcomes on glycemic control (HbA1c, FBG, PPBG) and anthropometric measures (BMI, weight) (Abstract). The study design is a pre-post interventional study published in English in 2021. No exclusion criteria apply as the study explicitly excludes pregnant women and other diabetes types (Methods). |
| 33 | Kumar | 2,019 | Designing and Evaluating a Personalized, Human-Centered Dietary Decision Support System for Use Among People With Diabetes in an Indian Setting: Protocol for a Quasi-Experimental Study | https://doi.org/10.2196/13635 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35258472 | exclude | This is a study protocol without results; the title explicitly identifies it as a 'Protocol for a Quasi-Experimental Study,' and the Results section states that follow-up data collection is ongoing with outcome data to be presented in an upcoming manuscript. |
| 34 | Kumari | 2,021 | Effect of lifestyle intervention holistic approach on blood glucose levels, health-related quality of life and medical treatment cost in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients | https://doi.org/10.4025/actascihealth... | include | The study meets all inclusion criteria: it is a quasi-experimental study conducted in India with South Asian adults diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes (Methodology states 'clinically and diagnostically confirmed T2DM patients... aged between 35 to 70 years'). The intervention includes dietary counseling ('Diet counseling was delivered by an experienced dietician'), and the study reports outcomes on glycemic control (HbA1c, blood glucose) and anthropometric measures (BMI). It was published in English in 2021, and no exclusion criteria apply. | |
| 35 | Kushwaha | 2,025 | An exploratory, open-label, parallel group, randomised controlled trial evaluating the effect of gene based nutritional intervention in type 2 diabetes: The protocol for NUDGE clinical trial | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conctc.2025.101470 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40213142 | exclude | This article is a study protocol without reported results. The title explicitly identifies it as 'The protocol for NUDGE clinical trial,' and the Data Availability statement confirms 'No data was used for the research described in the article.' |
| 36 | Lim | 2,021 | Implementation of a multi-level community-clinical linkage intervention to improve glycemic control among south Asian patients with uncontrolled diabetes: study protocol of the DREAM initiative | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-021-00885-5 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34814899 | exclude | This article is a study protocol that describes the design of the DREAM initiative but does not report outcome data, as recruitment was ongoing at the time of publication. The title explicitly identifies it as a 'study protocol,' and the text states 'Final outcomes will provide evidence...' indicating results are not yet available. |
| 37 | Mohan | 2,018 | Cashew Nut Consumption Increases HDL Cholesterol and Reduces Systolic Blood Pressure in Asian Indians with Type 2 Diabetes: A 12-Week Randomized Controlled Trial | https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxx001 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29378038 | include | This randomized controlled trial, published in 2018, evaluates a nutrition intervention (cashew nut supplementation combined with dietary counseling) in Asian Indian adults with Type 2 Diabetes. The study reports relevant outcomes including glycemic control (HbA1c), anthropometric measures (BMI, waist circumference), and cardiometabolic risk factors (blood pressure, lipid profile), meeting all inclusion criteria. |
| 38 | Mohan | 2,019 | A Pilot Study Evaluating the Effects of Diabetes Specific Nutrition Supplement and Lifestyle Intervention on Glycemic Control in Overweight and Obese Asian Indian Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31801326 | include | The study is a randomized controlled trial involving Asian Indian adults with Type 2 Diabetes that evaluates a diabetes-specific nutrition supplement and dietary counseling. It reports outcomes related to glycemic control (HbA1c, FPG) and anthropometric measures, meeting all inclusion criteria with no exclusion criteria applying. | |
| 39 | Mora | 2,017 | Understanding Cultural Influences on Dietary Habits in Asian, Middle Eastern, and Latino Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Review of Current Literature and Future Directions | https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-017-0952-6 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29063419 | include | This is a systematic review published in 2017 that evaluates culturally tailored dietary interventions for Type 2 Diabetes in South Asian adults, reporting outcomes related to glycemic control and dietary behavior. All inclusion criteria are met, and no exclusion criteria apply. |
| 40 | Muilwijk | 2,021 | Effects of a lifestyle intervention programme after 1 year of follow-up among South Asians at high risk of type 2 diabetes: a cluster randomised controlled trial | https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006479 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34725039 | exclude | The study excludes participants with diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes, focusing instead on South Asian adults at high risk for the disease (prediabetes). The Abstract states participants were "without T2D but with raised haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and/or waist circumference," failing the inclusion criterion for diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes. |
| 41 | Nagarathna | 2,021 | Effectiveness of a Yoga-Based Lifestyle Protocol (YLP) in Preventing Diabetes in a High-Risk Indian Cohort: A Multicenter Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial (NMB-Trial) | https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.664657 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34177805 | exclude | Exclude. The study fails Inclusion Criterion 1 because the participants have prediabetes, not diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes. The Methods section states participants had 'prediabetes (blood HbA1c values in the range of 5.7–6.4%)' and 'Individuals with diabetes... were excluded from the study'. |
| 42 | Navodia | 2,019 | Culturally Tailored Self-Management Interventions for South Asians With Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2019.04.010 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31375180 | include | This systematic review, published in 2019, focuses on South Asian adults with Type 2 Diabetes and evaluates culturally tailored self-management interventions that include dietary components (e.g., nutrition-specific information, carbohydrate variation lists). It reports outcomes related to glycemic control (A1C levels) and meets all inclusion criteria. |
| 43 | Patel | 2,017 | Effectiveness of a Group-Based Culturally Tailored Lifestyle Intervention Program on Changes in Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes among Asian Indians in the United States | https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2751980 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28168201 | exclude | The study excludes participants with diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes (Methods states participants were excluded if they 'self-reported diagnosed diabetes'), focusing instead on diabetes prevention in at-risk individuals. This fails the inclusion criterion requiring participants to be diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes. |
| 44 | Pavithran | 2,020 | The Effect of a Low GI Diet on Truncal Fat Mass and Glycated Hemoglobin in South Indians with Type 2 Diabetes A Single Centre Randomized Prospective Study | https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010179 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31936428 | include | The study meets all inclusion criteria: it is a randomized controlled trial involving South Indian adults with Type 2 Diabetes (Abstract), evaluates a low glycemic index diet intervention (Abstract, Methods), and reports outcomes on glycemic control (HbA1c) and anthropometric measures (Abstract). The study was published in English in 2020, and no exclusion criteria apply. |
| 45 | Pavithran | 2,020 | South Indian Cuisine with Low Glycemic Index Ingredients Reduces Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes | https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176232 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32867226 | include | The study meets all inclusion criteria as it is a randomized controlled trial of South Indian adults with Type 2 Diabetes evaluating a low glycemic index diet intervention (Abstract). It reports relevant outcomes including glycemic control (HbA1c) and cardiometabolic risk factors, and was published in 2020. |
| 46 | Pfammatter | 2,016 | mHealth Intervention to Improve Diabetes Risk Behaviors in India: A Prospective, Parallel Group Cohort Study | https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.5712 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27496271 | exclude | The study fails to meet the inclusion criterion requiring participants to be diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes. The Methods section states that the 'sole eligibility criteria were that participants in both groups be adults aged 18 years or older,' and the study focuses on improving diabetes risk behaviors in a general population sample rather than individuals with a confirmed diagnosis. |
| 47 | Pradhan | 2,024 | Charting Wellness in India: Piloting the iTHRIVE s Functional Nutrition Approach to Improve Glycaemic and Inflammatory Parameters in Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus | https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.63744 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39100011 | include | The study meets all inclusion criteria as it is a prospective pre-post intervention study published in 2024 involving South Asian adults (aged 20-60) with Type 2 Diabetes and prediabetes in India. It evaluates a functional nutrition intervention (iTHRIVE) and reports outcomes related to glycemic control (HbA1c, blood glucose) and anthropometric measures (weight, waist circumference). No exclusion criteria apply, as the study explicitly excluded pregnant women and individuals with Type 1 diabetes. |
| 48 | Puzhakkal | 2,025 | Diabetes Self-Care among South Asians in Western Countries: A Systematic Review | https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-025-01825-4 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41264097 | include | This systematic review, published in 2025, synthesizes evidence on diabetes self-care among South Asian adults with Type 2 Diabetes in Western countries. It includes studies evaluating dietary interventions (e.g., culturally tailored dietary interventions, dietary management) and reports outcomes related to glycemic control and dietary behaviors, satisfying all inclusion criteria. |
| 49 | Rao | 2,020 | Effect of an integrated naturopathy and yoga program on long-term glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: A prospective cohort study | https://doi.org/10.4103/ijoy.ijoy_32_19 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32030020 | include | The study meets all inclusion criteria as it focuses on South Asian adults with Type 2 Diabetes in India, evaluates a dietary intervention (low glycemic index, low-salt diet), and reports outcomes related to glycemic control (HbA1c, blood glucose) and anthropometric measures (weight). The study design is a prospective cohort study published in English in 2020, and no exclusion criteria apply. |
| 50 | Rawal | 2,023 | Community-based lifestyle intervention for diabetes (Co-LID study) management in rural Nepal: study protocol for a clustered randomized controlled trial | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-023-07451-5 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37403179 | exclude | This article is a study protocol without reported results. The title explicitly identifies it as a 'study protocol for a clustered randomized controlled trial,' and the 'Trial status' section confirms that data collection is in progress with endline data collection planned for mid-2023. |
| 51 | Rehman | 2,017 | Response to a Supervised Structured Aerobic Exercise Training Program in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - Does Gender Make a Difference? A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnma.2017.10.003 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30129517 | exclude | The study evaluates a supervised structured aerobic exercise training program, not a dietary or nutrition intervention. The Methods state that a 'dietary plan' was provided to both the experimental and control groups as a background standard of care, meaning the study design controls for diet rather than evaluating a dietary intervention. |
| 52 | Rubina | 2,022 | Diet and Insulin Dose as Mediators of Insulin-Associated Weight Gain Among People in Pakistan with Type 2 Diabetes | https://doi.org/10.4103/jod.jod_45_21 | exclude | The study is a retrospective observational analysis of electronic health records and does not evaluate a dietary counseling, nutrition intervention, or low glycemic index diet; it examines the association between dietary intake and insulin-associated weight gain (Abstract; Materials and Methods). | |
| 53 | Saboo | 2,022 | Role and importance of high fiber in diabetes management in India | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102480 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35594690 | exclude | The study design is an expert consensus statement, which is not listed in the inclusion criteria (must be RCT, clinical trial, quasi-experimental, pre-post, observational, systematic review, or meta-analysis). The methodology section describes a consensus process among experts rather than a systematic review or primary research study. |
| 54 | Shah | 2,022 | A culturally adapted, social support-based, diabetes group visit model for Bangladeshi adults in the USA: a feasibility study | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-022-00974-9 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35074000 | include | The study meets all inclusion criteria: it is a 2022 feasibility study involving Bangladeshi adults (South Asian) with Type 2 Diabetes or prediabetes, evaluating a culturally tailored dietary and lifestyle intervention, and reporting outcomes on HbA1c, weight, and cardiometabolic risk factors. |
| 55 | Shah | 2,024 | A Culturally Adapted, Telehealth, Community Health Worker Intervention on Blood Pressure Control among South Asian Immigrants with Type II Diabetes: Results from the DREAM Atlanta Intervention | https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-023-08443-6 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37845588 | include | This randomized controlled trial evaluates a culturally tailored, CHW-led telehealth intervention for South Asian adults with Type 2 Diabetes that includes nutrition education sessions. The study reports relevant outcomes including HbA1c, weight, BMI, and dietary intake, and was published in 2023. |
| 56 | Shakya | 2,021 | Diabetes Prevention Education Program in a population with pre-diabetes in Nepal: a study protocol of a cluster randomised controlled trial (DiPEP) | https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047067 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34819277 | exclude | Exclude. The study focuses on individuals with pre-diabetes and explicitly excludes participants with Type 2 Diabetes (Table 1). Additionally, this is a study protocol without reported results. |
| 57 | Shakya | 2,023 | Effectiveness of a group-based Diabetes Prevention Education Program (DiPEP) in a population with pre-diabetes: a cluster randomised controlled trial in Nepal | https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjnph-2023-000702 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38264365 | exclude | The study population consists of adults with pre-diabetes, failing the inclusion criterion requiring participants to be diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes. The Abstract and Methods state the trial included individuals with HbA1c 5.7%–6.4% and explicitly excluded those with Type 2 Diabetes. |
| 58 | Siegmann | 2,019 | Improvement in patient-reported sleep in type 2 diabetes and prediabetes participants receiving a continuous care intervention with nutritional ketosis | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2018.12.014 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30772699 | exclude | The study fails the inclusion criterion regarding population; the Methods section and author affiliations indicate the study was conducted in the United States (e.g., Indiana, Massachusetts) and does not specify that participants were South Asian adults. |
| 59 | Singh | 2,025 | An Indian adapted Mediterranean diet: A feasibility study | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2025.08.013 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41062377 | exclude | The study population consists of patients with coronary artery disease or high cardiovascular risk, rather than exclusively adults diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes (Table 1 indicates only 49% of participants had type 2 diabetes mellitus). Therefore, the study fails the inclusion criterion requiring participants to be South Asian adults diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes. |
| 60 | Southworth | 2,025 | The All One Community (A1C) Program Boosts Diabetes Outcomes in Under-Engaged Asian Immigrants Through Culturally Tailored Education and Partner-Supported Enrollment | https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2025.a967365 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40820751 | include | The study includes South Asian adults with Type 2 Diabetes and evaluates a culturally tailored diabetes education program that includes nutrition sessions and grocery tours. It reports outcomes related to glycemic control (HbA1c) and anthropometric measures (BMI) using a pre-post interventional design published in 2025. |
| 61 | Subhan | 2,022 | Dietary Interventions for Type 2 Diabetes in South Asian Populations A Systematic Review | https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-022-00446-9 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36443548 | include | This is a systematic review published in 2022 that evaluates dietary interventions for South Asian adults with Type 2 Diabetes, reporting outcomes related to glycemic control and anthropometric measures. All inclusion criteria are met, including the study design and publication date range, and no exclusion criteria apply. |
| 62 | Sundaresan | 2,021 | Dietary Intervention for Glycaemic Control among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at the Medical Clinic, Teaching Hospital, Batticaloa, Sri Lanka | include | The study meets all inclusion criteria as it is a prospective intervention study conducted in Sri Lanka among adults with Type 2 Diabetes (Methods). It evaluates health education on low carbohydrate and standard diabetic diets and reports outcomes on HbA1c, BMI, and blood pressure (Abstract, Methods). The article was published in English in 2021 (Citation). | ||
| 63 | Sunuwar | 2,023 | Effectiveness of a dietician-led intervention in reducing glycated haemoglobin among people with type 2 diabetes in Nepal: a single centre, open-label, randomised controlled trial | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lansea.2023.100285 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38028163 | include | This randomized controlled trial, published in 2023, evaluates a dietician-led dietary intervention among South Asian adults with Type 2 Diabetes in Nepal. The study meets all inclusion criteria, including the evaluation of dietary counseling and reporting outcomes on glycemic control (HbA1c) and anthropometric measures, and no exclusion criteria apply. |
| 64 | Tang | 2,014 | Rethinking peer support for diabetes in Vancouver's South-Asian community: a feasibility study | https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.12655 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25472598 | exclude | The study evaluates a diabetes self-management education and peer support intervention, but lacks an identifiable dietary or nutrition-related intervention component; participant feedback specifically highlighted the absence of a dietician-led session on healthy eating (Table 4). |
| 65 | Tripathi | 2,024 | The Diabetes Remission in India (DiRemI) study: Protocol for a prospective matched-control trial | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0306394 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38941311 | exclude | This article is a study protocol without results, as indicated by the title ('Protocol for a prospective matched-control trial') and the Data Availability Statement ('No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study'). |
| 66 | Tripathi | 2,024 | Interplay Between the American Diabetes Association s ABC Targets for Diabetes, Insulin Resistance Indices, and Dyslipidemia in Indian Type 2 Diabetes Patients | https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.60268 | exclude | The study is a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data and does not evaluate a dietary or nutrition intervention; the Methods state that "Baseline data... representing a single time point was used in the study" to explore associations between metabolic markers. Therefore, it fails the inclusion criterion requiring the evaluation of a dietary intervention and meets the exclusion criterion for studies with no identifiable dietary intervention component. | |
| 67 | Tripathi | 2,024 | Oral glucose tolerance test clearance in type 2 diabetes patients who underwent remission following intense lifestyle modification: A quasi-experimental study | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0302777 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38701059 | include | The study meets all inclusion criteria: it is a quasi-experimental study published in 2024 involving South Asian adults (India) with Type 2 Diabetes, evaluating a lifestyle modification program with a dietary intervention (plant-based diet, glycemic ladder), and reporting outcomes on glycemic control and anthropometric measures. No exclusion criteria apply. |
| 68 | Tripathi | 2,025 | Type 2 diabetes remission and its predictors in an Indian cohort: A retrospective analysis of an intensive lifestyle intervention program | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0333114 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41124112 | include | This retrospective observational study includes South Asian adults (Indian cohort) with Type 2 Diabetes and evaluates a culturally tailored dietary intervention (personalized plant-based diet). It reports outcomes related to glycemic control (HbA1c) and anthropometric measures (weight, BMI), was published in English in 2025, and meets all other eligibility criteria. |
| 69 | Tripathi | 2,025 | Retrospective Evaluation of the Impact of a Multidisciplinary One-Year Online Lifestyle Intervention on Type 2 Diabetes Remission in Nonobese Indian Patients | https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/3783469 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40860623 | include | The study meets all inclusion criteria as it is a retrospective observational study of South Asian (Indian) adults with Type 2 Diabetes that evaluates a multidisciplinary lifestyle intervention including a plant-based diet. It reports outcomes related to glycemic control (HbA1c) and anthropometric measures (weight), was published in English in 2025, and no exclusion criteria apply. |
| 70 | V. | 2,017 | Effect of short-term yoga-based lifestyle intervention on plasma glucose levels in individuals with diabetes and pre-diabetes in the community | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2017.04.010 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28420577 | exclude | The study evaluates a yoga-based lifestyle intervention consisting of physical postures, breathing exercises, and lectures, but it does not describe an identifiable dietary counseling or nutrition intervention component as required by the inclusion criteria. The intervention details in Table 1 and the Methods section list only yoga practices. |
| 71 | Verma | 2,023 | Personalized glycemic response led digital therapeutics program improves time in range in a period of 14 days | https://doi.org/10.1007/s13410-022-01111-1 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35892065 | include | The study meets all inclusion criteria as it is a pre-post interventional study conducted in India involving South Asian adults with Type 2 Diabetes who received a personalized nutrition and lifestyle intervention. It reports significant improvements in glycemic control outcomes (Time in Range, mean blood glucose) and was published in 2022. |
| 72 | Vinitha | 2,019 | Effectiveness of mobile phone text messaging in improving glycaemic control among persons with newly detected type 2 diabetes | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107919 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31711858 | include | The study is a randomized controlled trial conducted in India involving South Asian adults with newly diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes. It evaluates an intervention involving dietary counseling delivered via text messages (and initial face-to-face advice) and reports outcomes on glycemic control (HbA1c) and dietary behavior (calorie, fat, and fiber intake). It was published in 2019. |
| 73 | Viswanathan | 2,019 | Insights on Medical Nutrition Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Indian Perspective | https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-019-0872-8 | exclude | The study is a narrative review and consensus statement, which is not an eligible study design; the inclusion criteria only permit systematic reviews or meta-analyses among review types. The Abstract states, "The current review provides insights into MNT..." and the text confirms it is a consensus providing guidelines rather than a systematic review or primary study. | |
| 74 | Viswanathan | 2,024 | Prevention of diabetes from prediabetes in real world setting in South India | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2024.103041 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38795632 | exclude | The study population consists of individuals with prediabetes, not adults diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes. The Methods section states that inclusion criteria were 'Pre-DM participants... without a past history of diabetes.' |
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